Research Techniques

Research Techniques

With every successful media product, a large amount of research has been done to create it. Research is finding out what people like and are interested in. Without this research, the product may not sell well, as the target audience is completely off. Whether the product may be a magazine, a television programme or a film, there are always people researching what the audience will enjoy, so that it would be perfect.

Audience Research:

Qualitative audience research engages with relatively small numbers of individuals in order to gain a complex, detailed and in-depth understanding of their experiences and response to a certain thing, which could be their opinion of a magazine or what they think of a certain television programme. Research can be done by having a focus group with members of the public, so that a company can understand their views. Audience research includes audience data, audience profiling, demographics, geodemographics, consumer behavior, consumer attitudes and audience awareness.

Market Research:

Market research is any organised effort to gather information about markets or customers. It is a very important component of business strategy. Market research is a key factor to get advantage over competitors. Market research is the systematic gathering and interpretation of information about organizations or individuals using statistical methods and techniques. The reasoning for market research is to find out about the competition and the completion analysis, product market, advertising placement and advertising effects.

Production Research:

Production research is a component of market research whereby the characteristics of a good or service, that will satisfy a recognised need or want, are identified. Production research is the collection and analysis of information for the content and the production of a media product. Production research is very important. It includes the content, viability, placement media, the finance, costs, technological resources, personnel and locations. Production research can be applied to various products, such as radio presentations, talk TV shows, TV documentaries series etc.

The role of the researcher

A researcher working in the media industry has an important job. The researcher needs to find out about what the audience likes and what they want. This information is important in the creation of successful media product. The researcher’s role can be extremely broad and is such excellent experience for moving on. The researcher supports the Producer, contributing ideas, contacts and sources. They select and interview possible contributors and writes relevant briefings. Without a researcher, the product may not appeal to the correct audience, as information about what the audience wants is not there when creating the product.

What is the purpose of research?

When a successful media product is created, it is made to attract a specific audience. When research is carried out, information about the audience is found out, so that the product will appeal to them, and then become extremely successful. The information likely to be researched would be the audiences age, gender, occupation, their personal preferences to the product, their personal opinions and what they are interested in. Research is carried out because they need to know what the public want, in terms of their product. Three of the most common and useful purposes are exploration, description and explanation. It is conducted to explore the topic or to familiarize oneself with a topic.

Different Research Methods

Research can be done in many different ways; the two main ones are quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative research is using figures. This includes: programme ratings, readership circulation figures, hits on a website, box office figures and the sales of CD’s and DVD’s. It can be qualitative e.g. film reviews, game reviews, fanzine websites, attitudes to media products, responses to news coverage, responses to advertising campaigns and discussion.

Primary research is research that is done by one’s self. This would include interviews, observations, questionnaires, surveys, focus groups, audience panels and participation in internet forums. Secondary research is research already carried out by someone else, and you are just using the information they have gathered. This type of research can be found in many different sources. Such as books, journals, newspapers, periodicals, film archives, photo libraries, the internet and internet forums, ratings and circulation figures.  Research can also be self-generated. This is own videos, audio or photographic records of events.

Pros and Cons

There are many pros and cons of using different methods of research. Qualitative research including figures is helpful as they provide solid information about the ratings of a TV show, the selling of a product, or the readership of a magazine. Quantitative research provides peoples opinions of products and reviews, which is helpful.

Light Photography

These images are all taken by me with some help from my friends. This technique of photography is called light photography.

Men's Health Photography

Below are images that I have taken myself. These images were a task for college, where I had to take photographs that would be suitable for a certain magazine. I chose Men's Health.Some of these images have been edited using Adobe Photoshop.

Big Businesses in the Media Industry (Script)

Below is a script that my team and I had to present, along with a power point presentation we created. The main focus is big businesses, but Time Warner and the Harry Potter novels are too.

SCRIPT

Media Big Businesses PowerPoint – Nicole, Gracie & George

Big business:

Cross-media ownership is the ownership of multiple media businesses by a person or corporation. These businesses can include broadcast and cable television, radio, newspaper, publishing, video games and various online entities. When one organization operates in any two of these media, that organization is involved in “cross-ownership”.

There are six media conglomerates known as the “Big Six”. Time Warner is one of these. The other five are considered competitors to Time Warner.

The Big Six:

NBC Universal, The Walt Disney Company, News Corporation, Time Warner, Viacom, CBS Corporation

NBC Universal: NBC Universal is and American media and Entertainment Company engaged in the production and marketing of entertainment, new, and information products and services to a global customer base. The first of the “Big Six” is NBC Universal. They own NBC and Telemundo, Universal Pictures, Focus Features, 26 television stations in the United States and 9 cable networks and the Comcast SportsNet regional system. In 2009, NBC Universal grossed $157 billion. They have a joint venture in which Comcast holds a controlling 51% stake in since January 2011. Through a separate subsidiary, Comcast owns two sports teams, the Philadelphia 76ers and Philadelphia Flyers.

The Walt Disney Company: The Walt Disney Company is an American diversified multinational mass media corporation headquartered in Walt Disney Studios, California. The Walt Disney Company owns the ABC Television Network. They own cable networks including the Disney Channel, ESPN, A&E and Lifetime. They own 277 radio stations, music and book publishing companies; production companies Walt Disney Pictures, Pixar Animation Studios, cellular service Disney Mobile and many Theme Parks around the world. The Walt Disney Company grossed $36.1 billion in 2009. Disney is a prime example of horizontal integration because they have brought rival companies such as Pixar, Lucas Film and Marvel so that they narrow the field of competition.

News Corporation: News Corp. is an American diversified multinational mass media corporation headquartered in New York City. Rupert Murdoch and his family members control the company. News Corporation own the Fox Broadcasting Company; television and cable networks including Fox, National Geographic and FX; print publications including the Wall Street Journal, the New York Post and TVGuide; the magazine Barron’s and Smart Money and book publisher HarperCollins. They own film production companies 20^th Century Fox, Fox Searchlight Pictures and Blue Sky Studios. In 2009 the corporation grossed $30.4 billion.

Time Warner: Time Warner is fourth in the “Big Six”. They are the largest media conglomerate in the world, with holdings including CNN, HBO, Cinemax, Cartoon Network, Warner Bros. Pictures, New Line Cinema and Castle Rock. They own more than 150 magazines. Time Warner grossed $25.8 billion in 2009.

Viacom: Viacom Inc. is short for “Video & Audio Communications”. Viacom is an American global mass media company with interests primarily in, but not limited to, cinema and cable television. Their holdings include: MTV, Nickelodeon/Nick at Nite, VH1, BET, Comedy Central, Paramount Home Entertainment, Atom Entertainment, and music game developer Harmionix. Viacom 18 is a joint venture with the Indian media company Global Broadcast News. In 2009, the company grossed $13.67 billion. National Amusements, Inc., owns Viacom in majority a privately owned theater company based in Massachusetts. National Amusements holds another controlling stake in CBS Corporation.

CBS Corporation: CBS Corporation is an American mass media corporation focused on commercial broadcasting, publishing, billboards and television production, with most of its operations in the United States. The CBS Corporation owns the CBS Television Network, CBS Television Distribution Group, the CW, Showtime, book publisher Simon & Schuster, 30 television stations, and CBS Radio Inc., which has 130 stations. CBS is now the leading supplier of video to Google’s new Video Marketplace. In 2009, the CBS Corporation grossed $13 billion.

Time Warner

Time Warner Inc., a worldwide leading media conglomerate that owns many different businesses in the entertainment industry; including television networks, film and TV entertainment and publishing with a huge product diversity including: big box office hits, DC Comics, Friends TV sitcom and IPC Media magazines it’s scale of big budget productions and ability to create brands and franchises to market at sell on a worldwide scale, while also creating partnerships with other companies to raise a better awareness of their products and creating a better base of customers for their products.

Time Warner began as two separate companies, Warner Communications and Time Inc. the two companies later had a merger to form Time Warner and made multiple productions throughout film, television and publishing sectors. Their partners include DC Comics, CNN, Adult Swim and Cartoon Network Studios, the advantage of this is that they are able to work with the trends and even as they change they will be able to work with them.

Warner Brothers Studio

Warner Brothers Entertainment, Inc., otherwise known as Warner Bros. Picture or Warner Bros, is an American producer of film, television, and music entertainment. One of the major film studios, it is a subsidiary of Time Warner, with its headquarters in Burbank, California and New York. Albert, Harry, Sam and Jack Warner founded Warner Brothers Studio in 1918. Warner Brothers only produced films. By 1949 television was becoming more successful and the film was becoming less popular. Harry Warner wanted the focus on television production but the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) wouldn’t allow it.

Development of Warner Brother Films

Warner bros has been involved in creating revolutionising films their attempts began in 1922 bringing a German shepherd dog by the name of Rin Tin Tin into their production of silent films appearing in 27 overall from 1922 to 1931 and bringing international fame to him and his succeeding dogs. Warner Bros then went on to produce films such as Free Willy through to The Hangover, and has made hundreds of films through the decades and their partnership with DC comics has aloud them to ride the popularity waves of the comics by bringing its characters to the big screen and continue to produce DC films with the latest instalment being the batman trilogy and plan to continue in order to compete with the Disney-Marvel partnership that sees them on the back foot. The amount and variety of film the Warner Brothers have also produced with DC Comics has greatly increased the profitability of their product range in two media.

JK Rowling

The author of Harry Potter, JK Rowling was living in poverty while writing her books. Rowling divorced her husband in 1993 and had to raise her daughter alone while at the same time she was jobless. She started writing on a voluntary basis. Her only source of income was welfare benefits.

Harry Potter

·        J.K Rowling, the author and creator of Harry Potter earned around £2 billion.

·        With 7 books, 8 films and merchandise, ‘Harry Potter’ became known as a franchise and grossed roughly £25 billion.

·        The budget for all 8 film came to $1,155,000,000.

·        The box office earned $7,706,146,978 for all 8 films.

Time Warner in the 1990’s

Like other big companies, Time Warner expanded in the 1990’s, taking over other media companies in publishing and elsewhere. It also expanded in TV and cable services and through online services. This helped to get in and market its products to customers, demonstrating vertical integration.

One of the biggest financial concerns for Time Warner was the merger with AOL which cost the American online service provider too much money at the time when social media like MySpace and Facebook were gaining prominence over ISP’s in the internet market.

Public Service Media

Public broadcasters receive funding from diverse sources including license fees, individual contributions, public financing and commercial financing. The United Kingdom has a strong tradition of public service broadcasting. In addition to the BBC, established in 1922, there is also Channel 4, a commercial public service broadcaster, and S4C, a Welsh-language broadcaster in Wales. Furthermore, the two commercial analogue broadcasters ITV and Channel 5 also have significant public service obligations imposed as part of their licence to broadcast. The BBC, whose broadcasting in the UK is funded by a licence fee and does not sell advertising time, is most notable for being the first public service broadcaster in the UK. With the launch of the first commercial broadcaster ITV in 1955, the government required that the local franchises fulfilled a similar obligation, mandating a certain level of local news coverage, arts and religious programming, in return for the right to broadcast.

The next commercial television broadcasters in the UK, the state-owned Channel 4 and S4C, were set up by the government in 1981 to provide different forms of PSB. Channel 4 was required to be a public service alternative to the BBC and to cater for minorities and arts. S4C was to be a mainly Welsh language programmer. Neither was required to be commercially successful as Channel 4 was subsidised by the ITV network and S4C received a grant from the central government. However, Channel 4 was later restructured under the Broadcasting Act 1990 to be a state owned corporation that is self-financing.

 When the final analogue terrestrial broadcaster, Five, launched in 1997 it too was given a number of public service requirements. These included the obligation to provide minimum amounts of programming from various genres, minimum amounts of programming originally commissioned by the channel and of European origin, and maximum limits on the number of repeats.

The BBC has been criticised by some for being expansionist and exceeding its public service remit by providing content that could be provided by commercial broadcasters. They argue that the BBC can distort the market, making it difficult for commercial providers to operate. A notable example of this is the Internet services provided by the BBC.

However, those who defend the BBC suggest that the BBC needs to provide new services and entertainment, to remain relevant in the digital age. ITV has been attempting to significantly reduce its obligations to produce and broadcast unprofitable PSB programming, citing the increased competition from digital and multichannel television. Similarly, Channel 4 has projected a £100m funding gap if it is to continue with public service broadcasting after digital switch-over. As a result, Ofcom has recently been consulting on what direction PSB should take in the future.

News Corporation Taking Over BSkyB

A bid was launched in June 2010 when News Corporation wanted to take over British Sky Broadcasting with a share of ownership greater than 50% but was withdrawn in July 2011.

The bid was really unpopular in the UK because many people thought that News Corporation would own too much of our media, across print and broadcasting. So politicians said it should go before the competition commission to consider whether cross-media regulation should be enforced.

In July there were a series of revelations about the News of the World hacking  phones of non-celebrities. Details of the activities including the hacking into murder victim Milly Dowler’s voicemail resulted in widespread outrage against News Corporation. Attempts to resolve the scandal included stopping the News of the World and Murdoch publishing an apology.

The House of Commons told  News Corporation to abandon the bid and News Corporation acquiesced.

Conclusion

·        Very few people will get a say over what is made or being shown on TV and what goes into production.

·        Small business will be put out of business or not get a chance to start and develop 

·        Channel 4 is an impendent broadcaster, if there was only one company e.g. Walt Disney we wouldn’t have independent broadcasters or independent producers like those making programs for channel 4 such as zeppotron and endemol. Zeppotron, a TV online comedy production company, was formed in 2000 by several writers from channel 4’s the 11 o’clock show who worked well together and decided to take their ideas and creative work further. Without independents there will be less access to new talent and less access for audiences to see new work.

·        If there were fewer companies in general there would be less consumer choice, in other words there could be less variety of media products, films, TV.

·        If there are fewer companies in charge there will be more chance that prices will be fixed. So some sections of the population may lose access to receiving media products, so there could be less equality.

·        Freedom of information e.g. what’s going on in the world or locally, may lose out to programs that are more profitable like big running soaps or box office feature films. With more varied ownership you can get more different types of audiences such as old people or young people.

·        If the big media conglomerates are mainly accountable to executives, say in the USA it could mean the content has an American bias and the stories of individual countries do not get a chance to be made or viewed.

Photoshop Work

Here are two images of model Adirana Lima. The second is the same image yet  I used Adobe Photoshop to edit the image. The main focus of the task was to make her skin pure and with no spots/moles. Also to add an accessory.

I do not own either image.

The Pro's and Con's of Media Regulation

‘Regulation is no longer needed to protect audiences’

The pros and cons of media regulation

In this document I will be discussing the statement ‘regulation is no longer needed to protect audiences’. I will be researching the pros and the cons of media regulations and explaining them. I will be researching why it is debated and whether regulation has a place in modern media. 

To begin, media regulation is the control or guidance of mass media by governments and other bodies. This regulation, via law, rules or procedures, can have various goals. For example, intervention to protect a stated ‘public interest’, or encouraging competition and an effective media market, or establishing common technical standards.  The principal targets of media regulation are the press, radio and television. This can also include film, the internet, mobile phones etc. regulation refers to the whole process of control, by established rules and procedures, applied by governments and other political and administrative authorities to all kinds of media activities. Therefore, regulation is always a potential intervention in ongoing activities, but also to serve the needs of the market or for reasons of technical efficiency (for example setting technical standards). Regulation can be internal as well as external. In the former case, we are usually speaking of ‘self-regulation’, where internal controls are applied, sometimes in response to public pressure or criticism from outside.

Historical background

The history of media regulation beings with the application of the printing press to book production from the mid 15^th century onwards in Western Europe. Printing was simply a more productive alternative to the copying of manuscripts texts by hand, which had not yet been properly regulated, although in practice it took place mainly under the oversight of authorizes of church or state. The printing trade and industry then expanded and church and state took an increasing interest within it. The export and import of books was also controlled or forbidden. In other states, including Russia, printing was banned for roughly two hundred years.

A new dimension to regulation was added by then invention of new media during the nineteenth century, especially the electric telegraph, then the telephone and wireless, which led to public radio broadcasting from 1920 onwards. Broadcast media were the most closely regulated of all media nearly everywhere during the twentieth century and they have never achieved the degree of freedom enjoyed by print media.

Broadcasting

Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and video content to a dispersed audience via any audio or visual mass communications medium, but usually one using radio waves. Broadcasting has been used for various purposes. Historically, there have been several types of electronic media broadcasting. These are telephone, radio broadcasting, telecast, cable radio, direct-broadcast satellite and webcasting. Broadcasting originates in the United Kingdom. In the 1920’s it quickly became a monopoly public service broadcaster that lasted for roughly thirty years, until the advent of ITV broadcasting in the late 1950’s. The introduction of commercial TV was regulated by a legal framework which was later altered by Margaret Thatcher’s Broadcasting Act, which de-regulated parts of ITV in 1990.

The UK TV terrestrial broadcasters are BBC, ITV C4 and C5. All of these channels have some public service media responsibilities. Each channel, BBC having two channels (BBC1 and BBC2), have to run news broadcasts and create original programming. All of these channels include some sort of news segment throughout the day. For example, both BBC1 and ITV have morning news which goes on for roughly two hours. The main laws that effect broadcasting is the Broadcasting Act. This is an act in which the key issues its covers all relate to the media, including laws affecting television programmes, radio, sound broadcasting, complaints etc. this act mostly effects television broadcasting. An example of the one rules is: a)as to the rules to be observed with respect to the showing of violence, or the inclusion of sounds suggestive of violence, in programmes included in licensed services, particularly when large numbers of children and young persons may be expected to be watching the programmes.

Film and other media regulation:

A film, also called a movie or motion picture, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images. The Obscene Publications Act relates to film regulation. The Obscene Publications Act will directly address the discussions about decency and taste. The BBFC (British Board of Film Classification) affects the regulation of films. The BBFC is an independent, non-governmental body which has classified cinema films since it was set up in 1912 and videos/DVD’s since the Video Recordings Act was passed in 1984. An example of work by the BBFC was when the film, directed by Stanley Kubrick, The Clockwork Orange was looked at when it was submitted to the BBFC in 1971. The film was discussed and then received and 18 age rating because of the violence and behaviour shown. Kubrick decided as an example of self-censorship to withdraw the film from circulation in the UK, even though the BBFC did not reject it. After his death, the film was allowed to be released in the UK.

I feel that through my research so far, that media regulation is highly important. I feel that it is still needed to protect audiences.

The media industry should be able to be accessed by any independent production company. Media conglomerates do not allow this and so the industry is being held back in its improvement. I feel that there should be restriction so that there is access to those who are not a part of the conglomerates who monopolise the industry. I think that there should be more diversity within the media industry. There needs to be access to funding for these independent companies to get into the industry.

Various political leaders and parties have different views on media regulation, including Ofcom. For example, in July 2009, the Conservative party leader, David Cameron warned a speech that “Ofcom, as we know it, will cease to exist”, if his party came to power. Under Cameroons leadership, the current UK coalition government has pulled back from substantially reducing Ofcom’s remit, although the current Public Bodies Bill does propose some changes to it.

Censorship and self-censorship

Censorship is the suppression of speech or public communication which is possible objectionable, harmful, sensitive or inconvenient as determined by a government, media outlet or controlling body. Censorship can be done by governments and private organisations or individuals who engage in self-censorship. I feel that censorship does affect media regulation. I feel that if something is censored because it is offensive it possibly a good thing, as no-one is mentally harmed by it. Although it can be argued that censorship is just hiding the truth and is similar to being lied to. Censorship may take place in speech, books, music, films, television, the press, radio and many other media industries. There is a variety of reasons it takes place, which could be including national security or to protect children. Self-censorship is the control of what you say or do in order to avoid annoying or offending others, but without being told officially that such control is necessary.  A lot of the time self-censorship is used on social media websites. These include Twitter and Facebook, where people may write a status or tweet, but not telling the truth of what they actually think as they feel people may take offence.

Conclusion

To conclude, I believe that the current regulations and all correct and should stay the way that they are. I feel that there is correct amount of freedom for television, film and radio. I feel it is necessary for people have freedom of expression yet it is understandable that if people go too far and express their very personal opinions, it may seem offensive to someone watching is listening to the certain programme. This is where the law should be put in place. Yet it is always important to stick to the truth. I feel that the BBFC do an excellent job of rating films, as I feel it would be inappropriate for a child to watch a film that includes violence, scenes of a sexual nature etc.

Although I do agree with the current regulations, I feel that there would be no need to extend or enforce any rule further. If regulation is taken too far, the quality of films, television and radio will be affected, and would decrease. This would ‘dumb-down’ certain programmes and may create less enjoyment for the audience. Yet if there was no regulation, the media would be free to broadcast and/or publish anything that they want and face no consequences from it. Therefore I feel the regulations in place at the moment should stay in place. I feel that there should always be considerations when media regulation may be changed or even withdrawn. Although media regulation has not always been used for an honest reason, current bodies including Ofcom regulate a large variety of media to ensure consumer choice but not at the cost of taste and decency.

From all of the research I have completed, I have come to the conclusion that media regulation is highly important in these modern times and that it should be kept to protect certain audiences.

Bibliography:

ALL ACCESSED 5/07/13

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_regulation

http://www.le.ac.uk/oerresources/media/ms7501/mod2unit11/page_01.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting

http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/42/contents

http://www.bbfc.co.uk/about-bbfc

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film

http://www.sbbfc.co.uk/CaseStudies/A_Clockwork_Orange

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofcom

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship

http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/self-censorship

Video Games, Film, Photo Imaging and Magazine Publishing Research

 Magazine Publishing

Publishing is the process of production of information – the activity of making information available to the general public. Publishing includes the stages of the development, acquisition, copyediting, graphic design, production, printing and the marketing and distribution of the magazine. Magazine publishers spend a lot of their time buying or commissioning copy; newspaper publishers, by contrast, usually hire their own staff to produce copy, although they may also employ freelance journalists.

We interviewed a teacher at Harlow College who has experience in publishing:

Simon Barnett has a degree in communications and media studies. He has worked for big companies such as emap. Simon has been a music writer in the past and has worked for Q and Word magazine. He had to help create a music magazine on a radio with many other journalists, which was Radio 1. Simon has many contacts within the publishing industry. We asked him how someone could get into the industry. He told us that it is all down to personal skills. He said to write to local newspapers and magazines, which would get our foot in the door of the industry. He said that writing a blog would be a very good thing. It would be excellent to be able to gain a large amount of followers. He said that it is important to impress people. He said to write to editors of local papers.

As magazine publishing is a varied subject, there is a large amount of jobs that are available within the subject. These jobs include editing, for photographs or the magazine itself, art director, fact checker, journalist or producer. Jobs within magazine publishing can be very creative, technical, editorial, managerial, administrative, financial or marketing. Many jobs in the industry need people who are multi-skilled.  Jobs within magazine publishing can be permanent employment, which is full time or part time or temporary. The jobs can also be freelance, for example a journalist or photographer. They can also be causal employment opportunities. People with freelance and casual jobs within the industry may be hourly-paid. This can be relevant to workers at all levels. Many establishments may lend their expertise on a voluntary job, which would be unpaid. Media is regarded as a 24-hour industry, so some jobs involve shift working. This is typical for magazines. Some jobs are paid by the job, e.g. for the production, write a publicity pack etc.

An example of a job within the magazine industry is a Deputy Art Editor. This job would include editing the magazine itself to make sure that the magazine is completely edited to the magazines style with no imperfections. A job as Deputy Art Editor at the magazine New Scientist is available. This particular job would have a contract type of permanent, and the hours would be full time. This job comes under the job industry of being a journalist. The role of this job is to play a key part of the creative development of the magazine. The Deputy Art Editor would be responsible for finding and developing creative solutions to briefs provided by the magazine’s Editor and Publisher. They would respond imaginatively to those briefs and work closely with the stakeholders to develop initial inspirations into polished final designs.

The skills needed to be an editor would be to be able to produce stunning but practical solutions to the diverse creative challenges a magazine faces. An editor will need to possess extremely strong technical skills, a keen eye for detail and a deep understanding of what makes for compelling design.

Another job within magazine publishing is a Technical Content Manager. The Job Industry for this job would be PR or Journalism. The contract type would be permanent and the hours would be full time. The salary for this particular job could be up to £55K. To achieve this job, you would have to be an expert in providing effective content solutions, a thorough understanding of CMS implementation and content processes and be able to identify and specify operational content management for digital solution developments. The skills and experience needed for this job would be experience in managing content for digital signage, an eye for detail, literate and numerate, and experience with Enterprise Series Multi-Media digital Signage.

Two very large companies involved within Magazine Publishing are Haymarket and IPC Media, both based in the United Kingdom. Haymarket has publications in the consumer, business, and professional and customer sectors, both print and online. It provides news and information for professionals in areas including environmental management, horticulture, planning, medicine and marketing. IPC media is a subsidiary of Time Inc., and is a consumer magazine and digital publisher with a large portfolio selling over 350 million copies each year.

Video Gaming

A video game is an electronic game what involves interaction from a human to generate visual feedback on a video device. The electronic systems used to play video games on are known as platforms. Examples of these are computers and video game consoles. The most common game controllers for video games are gamepads, mice, keyboards and joysticks.

The most known companies to create video games are Sega, PlayStation, Nintendo and Xbox. Sega is a Japanese company that created many gaming products that were very successful mainly in years 1989-2001. In recent years Nintendo, PlayStation and Xbox have become extremely successful. PlayStation have brought out the same console, but have updated it and have brought out a further 2. Nintendo have introduced many different types of gaming consoles. They have brought out the Game Boy, Nintendo DS, Wii and in recent times, the Wii U.

Within gaming, there are many very creative and enjoyable jobs to have. One of the most popular jobs that people want within the gaming industry is a designer. Other jobs include editor/games editor, developer, producer, programmer, animator and artist.

Film

A film is a story conveyed with moving images. For a film to be created, a large amount of work must be done for it to be completed.  The film has to be written, and then actors and atresses need to be chosen for each role. The set must be created and then the film is filmed. It then must be edited. There is a large amount of jobs within the film industry. The main job of creating a film is being a director. Directors of films have become very famous for their work, but they would be no where without the great pioneers of film. People such as George Melies and The Lumiere Brothers created the first ever films.

The most successful film is Avatar, which is directed by James Cameron. Worldwide, the film grossed $2,782,275,172. The second is Titanic and third is The Avengers.

Jobs within the film industry include cinematographer, production manager, actors, producer and editor. All the these jobs are very high paid. For example, the famous director Steven Speilberg made £250,000,000(gross and profit participations). For example, for a editor and motion graphics editorm, the average salary is £150-£250 per day. The higher up someone is within the industry, the higher the salary.

Photo Imaging

Photography is the art, science and the practise of creating durable images by recording light or other electromagnetic radiation. The result of taking a photograph is an invisible latent image which is later developed into a visable image. Photography has many different uses for buisness, science, manufacturing, art, recreational purposes and mass communication.

The first camera photography was created in the 1820’s. The most popular and succesful companies who have created cameras are Nikon, Canon, Kodak, Lumix, Samsung, Casio and Panasonic. Most mobile phones nowadays have cameras on them.

Occording to the Daily Mail, Alfred Wertheimer, Phil Stern, Howard Bringham, Steve McCurry and Lyle Owerko are some of the greatest photographers. Steve McCurry took a photograph of a young girl living in Pakistan in 1984. The picture is so mesmerizing and beautiful, he then went to look for her again, and found her in 2002.

 The photographer Lyle Owerko photographed the incredible moments of the terrorist attack on 9/11. Amongsnt many other photographers who took the chance to capture this moment, his photograph became rather popular. 'No one knew such a beautiful warm day would serve as the backdrop to one of the most painful and confusing events to the heart of mankind,' Owerko said.